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誰是設計者?

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設計者

尖端通訊科技

馬丁‧庫帕博士(Martin Lawrence Cooper)生於美國伊利諾伊州-芝加哥市,著名發明家,是第一個用移動電話(手機)的人,這部電話地配備有一個電池、無線電收發設備、和一個微型處理器(迷你型電腦),就在1973年地4月份,一名男子站在街頭,用著約兩塊磚頭大的無線電話,打給他的工作對手,打電話的這人就是馬丁‧庫帕,當時的人看到他在街上打移動電話,嚇的眼珠子都要掉出來了,但也是從這時候,手機才正式註冊專利,雖然非常大而且不方便,但之後手機發展越來越迅速,1991年時,手機的重量約250克左右,1996年,出現了體積約為100立方釐米、重量約100克的手機,此外現代的手機除了接聽、撥打功能外,已經發展到變成一把多功能瑞士刀,可以拍照、上網、收發郵件、玩遊戲、看影片等等,這是最初的發明者馬丁意料之外的事吧!

移動電話可以在世面上出現,其實要歸功幾個原因

1800年,亞力山卓‧伏特發明蓄電池,

1876年,電話出現了,

1895年,無線電廣播(收音機)也出現了,

1946年,電腦產生了,

1971年發明了微型處理器,

這時候製造移動電話的條件全都有了,所以可以設計出,移動電話這類型的通訊科技,不過這是第一位尖端科技通訊的發明家嗎?

聲音嘴巴耳朵大腦?

你有沒有想過,我們可以說話、跟別人溝通,人的聲音其實也是一種尖端通訊科技,我們腦中的運動皮層由億萬個神經元組成,超過一半的神經元負責控制我們說話的器官,以及約一百組可以控制舌頭、嘴唇、下顎、喉嚨和胸腔的複雜肌肉。

樣跟人溝通,耳朵也是非常重要的,耳朵把聲音轉化為大腦可以接收的電脈衝(電流),這樣大腦就可以分析這些聲音,並憑著聲音的特質辨認出說話的是誰,還有我們的兩隻耳朵不是同時接收聲音的,而是一隻比另一隻還快,但大腦可以算出兩隻耳朵接收聲音的時間距離,相差了多少個千萬分之一秒,從而準確地分辨出聲音來自哪一個方向,我們的腦部除了這兩種功能之外,還有幾種功能同時發揮作用,所以就算有很多人同時說話,我們還是可以專心地聽一個人說話。

電視機

當人們知道聲音是如何傳播後,不久發明家又開始研究,動態影像能傳播嗎?傳送影像其實是很困難的,首先電視攝像機對準一個場景,電視攝像機裡的一個裝置會讀取影像,就像是我們讀書一樣,一行一行的閱讀文字,而攝像機裡的裝置則是逐漸掃描構成影像的小點(像素),這個裝置會把影像轉為影像信號,這樣就可以傳送到別的地方,而在別處的接收器就可以把收到的影像信號還原為原本的影像,人就可以看到同樣的動態影像,據說最先研究出電視機的是一個名叫貝德爾的蘇格蘭人,起初是一台約有30個小孔的圓盤,小孔排成螺旋形,圓盤轉動時就會對圖像順序逐行掃描,並且讓光透過小孔投射在光電管上,光電管會將圖像轉化為影像信號,再將影像信號傳送到影像接收器,接受器會將影像信號放大,傳送到另一個有孔的轉動圓盤和可調光源,影像信號就轉化為亮度明暗不同的小點,接著會在螢幕重建原本的圖像,但是困難之處就在於兩個不同圓盤要同步旋轉,是不是很複雜?

眼睛?神經?大腦?

不覺得人類的眼睛也很像是一台小型電視機嗎?眼睛會把你看到的圖像轉為電子信號,再將電子信號沿著視覺神經傳送到腦的後半部,而臥們人類就是靠這樣看到東西的,眼睛雖小,卻令人讚嘆,眼睛大約直徑只有24毫米(1英寸),重量約7.5克(1/4盎司),但眼睛的設計非常精巧,例如眼睛以兩種不同的系統,分別處理明、暗光線,所以如果你走進一間漆黑的房間裡,約30分鐘後眼睛感光度會增加一萬倍,就是當你在漆黑房間待一段時間後,會發現其實是大約可見的?可以分辨方向及物品位置的,在一般的光線下,人是怎麼看到清楚光線的?眼鏡擁有的感光細胞數目比大部分攝像機攝像素的數目多一百倍以上,而視網膜中央有個部分稱為中央小凹,大部分光感細胞都集中在這,是視覺最為敏銳的部分,眼睛每秒都會移動好幾次,而且這個小凹比這個句點”。”還小呢,是不是很神奇,感光細胞產生的電子信號會從一個神經細胞傳達到另一個,再傳到視神經,但是神經細胞不單是傳送電子信號而已,還會預先處理信號,如果資料重要就會加強信號,而大腦的視覺皮質就像一個先進的影像接收器,能夠凸顯出影像的形狀及邊界,此外有些對原色的亮光特別敏感的細胞,會產生一些電子信號,這些信號會由視覺皮質加以分析,這樣我們的大腦就可以辨別出許多不同的差異,不覺得這樣的設計很是奇妙嗎?

飛行器

自古以來,人類都夢想可以在天空中翱翔,可惜的是人類太重,肌肉的力量不夠,所以飛不上去,在1781年,瓦特發明旋轉式蒸汽機,1876年尼古勞斯‧奧托改良瓦特的發明,製造了一個內燃機,現在人類發明了可以產生動力的引擎,有製造飛行器的條件了,但誰可以製造出來呢?

韋伯‧萊特和奧維爾‧萊特兩兄弟小時候去放風箏,就已經開始夢想可以在空中飛翔,後來,他們從製造腳踏車學到機械工程的技術,萊特兄弟發覺如果人想要在空中飛行,最先要克服的問題就是要設計出一個可以控制的飛行器,飛行器如果不能在空中保持平衡,就像腳踏車沒有車把一樣,完全沒作用,後來韋伯觀察飛行中的鴿子,他留意到他們轉彎的時候都會側著身子,跟人騎腳踏車一樣,所以得出一個結論就是,鴿子轉彎時可以保持平衡,是因為翅膀的尾端可以扭轉,韋伯想出了一個好點子,就是製造可以扭轉的機翼,在1900年時,萊特兄弟製造出了一個飛行器,安裝一對可扭轉的機翼,他們先把這飛行器當作風箏放到空中實驗,後來又當作滑翔機,由人駕駛,實驗過程又發現飛行器需要三個基本的控制軸,也就是俯仰軸、滾轉軸、偏航軸,才可以控制飛行器的飛行姿勢,可是就現在所設計出的,還是有些許缺陷,機翼沒有足夠的上升力,所以又經過不斷改良研究,善用經驗做了一個風洞來測試機翼功能,製作出幾百個不同形狀的機翼來測試,最後終於有了一個形狀、大小,和角度都非常理想的機翼誕生了,1902年,他們製造一個新的飛行器,即使空中有風,這個飛行器也可以保持平衡,又將剩下的零件製造齊全,在1903年這一天引擎發動、螺旋槳也轉動,飛行器終於飛上天空。

小鳥大鳥?

如果你細心觀察,就會看出天上的飛鳥都是飛行高手,鳥兒在空中飛翔時,翅膀中羽毛的主幹(又稱為羽軸)一定要承受鳥兒本身的重量,鳥類的翅膀為什麼這麼輕又這麼堅固呢?有研究學者切開了羽毛的羽軸,羽軸裡面類斯海綿一樣,而羽軸的表面則很粗糙,整根羽軸看起來好像是工程師所用的發泡三明治樑,後來就用發泡三明治樑應用在飛機結構上,鳥類的骨骼結構也是令人歎的設計,鳥類骨骼裡大部分都是中空的,而裡面有細小的橫肋骨做支撐,這樣的股價骨架結構很像工程師所用的桁架(華倫式樑架),現今飛行員操控著飛機是靠著調整機翼的幾片襟翼(即機翼可活動的部分),和尾翼的翼片,讓飛機在空中保持平衡,而鳥兒的翅膀和肩膀則有大約48組肌肉,鳥兒就是靠著調整肌肉來控制翅膀或個別羽毛的動向,一秒內還可以調整好幾次呢,鳥兒飛行時,特別是起飛時,都要消耗很多能量,所以鳥兒需要一個很強的引擎,還有鳥的心臟也比較大比較有力量,而且心跳速度也較快,肺部功結構也獨特,是用單向氣流,所以鳥兒呼吸節奏偏快,另外載油量之大,例如鳥斑尾塍鷸鳥這種候鳥為例,他身上脂肪站體重一半以上,很適合長途飛行,從阿拉斯加遷徒到新西蘭,靠著身上的脂肪,可以不停飛行190小時,約8天,真的是缺一不可以,一個地方設計錯了就不可能飛的完美了,連現在天上的大鳥(飛機)都沒有這麼完美的飛行功能、以及這麼長的時間呢。

 

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